The Civil War Lived On

In my most recent book, Otto’s Offer, part of the Lockets & Lace series, several chapters include reference to Otto's service in the American Civil War while serving in the 16th Kansas Volunteer Cavalry. The chapter that actually tells of his wartime service and his experience on the Powder River Expedition of 1865 is based on regimental history of the actual 16th Kansas Volunteer Cavalry that was created on November 1, 1863. Although the initial enlistment period was three years, the entire regiment was mustered out December 6, 1865. What they were involved in during those slightly over two years I found interesting enough that I decided to include it in my book.

 

Capt Adoniram J. Miller 16th Kansas Cav

I was not the only author who wrote for the Lockets & Lace series whose story involved the Civil War in some manner. Starting with book 2 set in 1867 involving three sisters who are left to manage a farm by themselves due to their father and brother having been killed in the Civil War, all the way up to book 7 set in the late 1880’s, five of our books included the Civil War as a key element. It affected lives at the time the war took place, and continued to affect lives decades later.

Here’s a little background on my main character, Otto Atwell, and how his service did and did not accomplish what he desired as far as being a soldier. First, a snippet from my earlier book, Kizzie’s Kisses, where Otto is eighteen and still at home helping his father work their family farm.

The family had moved from Boonville, Missouri to Salina, Kansas, which in the 1850’s was on the edge of the wilderness. One motivation was to obtain prime farmland. Another was to escape the contention with some of their neighbors who were strong advocates of slavery. So, although Otto is of prime age for the Army in this 1862 scene, his parents have discouraged him from being involved with something that might pit him against some of their former neighbors.

In April of 1862, a band of about 40 hostile plains Indians attacked and killed several people on the western outskirts of Salina (a true historical event). The following scene takes place as Otto, with two of his two cousins, hides their best horses along the river to avoid them being stolen by the bushwhackers who invaded Salina in September of 1862 (another true historical event):

          Jesse guessed at what Otto intended to tell them. “You going to join up to go fight in the war, Otto?”

          “Sort of. I intend to join the militia. However, I don’t particularly want to go into battle back east. I certainly don’t want to join one of the regiments that are involved in the border wars between Kansas and Missouri. I’d hate to end up fighting against some of our old neighbors from Boonville. On the other hand, I can’t stop thinking about what the Indians did to all those people last spring. Now we have bushwhackers coming here to threaten us. Somebody has to do something to keep Kansas safe. I figure it’s up to me. I’m the right age. I know people look at me funny sometimes, wondering why I’m still at home helping Pa on the farm. I just have to find the right regiment, then I’m joining up.”

Otto’s father stalls him a year, but finally, at the end of 1863, Otto finds the right regiment—the 16th Kansas Volunteer Cavalry. He enlisted right away, but found himself in “hurry up and wait” mode as those forming the unit struggled to find enough volunteers to fill a regiment. The regiment trained and served post and escort duty at Fort Leavenworth until General Sterling Price of the Confederacy made a bid to conquer the state of Missouri for the South. At that point, the 16th Kansas Cavalry found themselves on the battlefields of the Second Battle of Lexington, Battle of Little Blue River and the Second Battle of Newtonia—marching within a few miles of Otto’s childhood home.

The involved regiments and companies pushed General Price and his troops south, passing through the southeast corner of Kansas and into Arkansas where the 16th Kansas Cavalry stayed until almost the end of the Civil War.

Those in the regiment who anticipated being mustered out within a couple of months after the end of the war were soon disappointed. All while the Civil War had been going on, the hostilities between whites and the native tribes had not ceased. Some headway had been made by some Army leaders to persuade several tribes like the Cheyenne, Sioux and Arapaho to accept reservation land north and south of of the Kansas-Colorado corridor leading to the gold fields of Colorado (between the Arkansas and Platte Rivers). However, that was disrupted due to the Sand Creek Massacre which took place late November, 1864. 

Powder River

What little progress had been made to peacefully move the tribes away to reservation land was practically destroyed, and surviving warriors, especially the Cheyenne and Lakota dog soldiers who never agreed to peace terms in the first place, made several attacks against white settlements and settlers. 

Brig. Gen. Patrick E. Connor

In response, as soon as the Civil War appeared to about be over, orders were given to Brigadier General Patrick E. Connor to conduct a punitive campaign into the Powder River region against the Cheyenne, Arapaho and Sioux. It was all right if some Indian-hating general like General Chivington from Colorado to slaughter a group of Indians who had already agreed to peace terms and were supposedly under the protection of Fort Lyon. However, it was not all right for the aggrieved, whose demands for justice were ignored, to retaliate.

Thus, in my book, we find my character, Otto Atwell, who desired to join a Kansas military unit in order to help protect Kansas homesteaders living on land granted them by the U.S. Government from attacks by hostile Indians, being ordered to the land set aside for the tribal people in order to attack them there. He was less than happy about that, especially after having become acquainted with his cousin’s half-Kaw brother-in-law who had a different perspective of the government’s dealings with the tribes in order to acquire land for the whites moving west.

The Army reports cite the Powder River Expedition as a success, although history had shown it was far less than such. From comments made by George Bent, the son of a white trader and his Cheyenne wife, the only reason the tribes did not attack more or manage to drive the white soldiers away was because their few weapons were antiquated and no match for the Spencer repeating rifles used by the whites.

Fort Conner, later Fort Reno

Beyond that, nothing substantial was achieved by the men who suffered hardship and starvation. Many of their horses and mules died in the harsh terrain. Fort Collins, named after the leader of the expedition was established. Gen. Collins determined most of the soldiers who arrived at the fort were unfit for further service and sent them to Fort Laramie to be mustered out. Although their fitness was no better than the men of the other units, the soldiers in the 16^th Kansas Volunteer Cavalry were kept on duty to man the fort. However, by December 6, 1865, they also were sent to Fort Laramie where they were mustered out of service.

For Laramie in the earlier years

The name for Fort Collins was later changed to Fort Reno. Fort Reno was finally abandoned in 1868 after the Treaty of Fort Laramie ended Red Cloud’s War. Shortly afterwards, the tribes burned the fort to the ground.

This is a brief summary of events used in some of the back story in Otto’s Offer.

As for my character, Otto Atwell, his service in the Civil War will continue to affect him for the rest of his life—not so much due to the Civil War battles themselves, although they play their role in his bouts of post-traumatic stress disorder, but because he was among the unfortunate few who was wounded during the Powder River Expedition by one of those antiquated muskets the Cheyenne used. He is frequently in pain and has a limp as a result. Here is a snippet of part of Otto’s response to his younger brother seeking an affirmation about the glory of battle:

          After the two settled around the still-warm stove in the kitchen after supper, Henry turned to Otto, his face full of anticipation. “I can hardly wait to hear this, Otto. I bet it was right exciting, being able to go after a bunch of Indians to put them in their place after what they did to us white people, wasn’t it?”

          Otto shook his head, his eyes staring at the stovepipe without seeing it. “No, it wasn’t. I’ve never been through anything so miserable in my life. I suppose I learned a lot, but I’d never want to do it again.”

          Henry’s expression fell. He hadn’t expected that answer. “But…the only reason it was miserable was because you got shot, wasn’t it? I can see where that could have turned you sour.”

          “No. Even before that, it was a bad situation.”

For many who lived and fought during the American Civil War and dealt with the aftermath, “It was a bad situation” pretty much sums up how it affected lives for years to come.

Zina Abbott is the author of Kizzie’s Kisses from the Grandma’s Wedding Quilts series (on sale this week only for $.99), as well as The Bavarian Jeweler and Otto’s Offer from the Lockets & Lace series, both offered by authors who blog now or in the past on the Sweet Americana Sweethearts blog. Please click on the hyperlink for each book title to learn more about each book, or visit Zina Abbott’s Amazon Author Page.

THE KAW-PEOPLE OF THE SOUTH WIND

 One of my favorite characters in my latest book, Kizzie's Kisses, is Charlie Gray Cloud, a man in his late twenties who is half Kaw. The Kaw Indians, also known as Kansa Indians, are the tribe that gave their name to both the river that joins the Missouri River at Kansas City, and to the state of Kansas. He worked as a scout on the same oxen-pulled freight train with my hero, Leander Jones. At the time of my story, the two men are traveling east of Salina, Kansas. The following is a little bit about the history of the Kaw/Kansa tribe.

Early History

The Kansa tribe of farmers and hunters lived along the Kansas River, a tributary of the Missouri and extended from Kansas into Nebraska. They were a strong, proud, war-like people who fought with other tribes, the fur traders and white soldiers and settlers before signing a number of treaties which culminated in their forced removal to reservations.

The Kaw Nation derived its name from the Siouan word for “south wind,” which was the tribe’s role in war ceremonials, using the power of the wind when recognizing warriors. Among the many variations of the name given by French traders and other Europeans were “Kanza” or “Kansa.” By the mid-18th century, the “Wind People” were the predominant tribe in what became the state to which they gave their name (Kansas). Their territory extended over most of present-day northern and eastern Kansas, with hunting grounds extending far to the west.

The Kaw, along with the Osage, Ponca, Omaha, and Quapaw — technically known as the Dhegiha-Siouan division of the Hopewell cultures of the lower Ohio Valley —lived together as one people in the lower Ohio valley prior to the white invasion of North American in the late 15th century. Sometime prior to about 1750, the search for better sources of game and pressure from the more powerful Algonquians to the east prompted a westward migration to the mouth of the Ohio River. The other tribes moved up and down the Mississippi and Missouri Rivers, and the Kaws assumed control of the region in and around present-day Kansas City as well as the Kansas River Valley to the west.

The French explorer Bourgmont was the first European known to visit the Kaws in 1724. He found them living in a single large village near the future site of the town of Doniphan, Kansas, on a bluff overlooking the Missouri River.  In 1780 the Kaw abandoned this village and took up residence on the Kansas River, but the ruins of their earlier village were long a landmark for travelers. When Lewis and Clark ascended the Missouri, they noted passing the site of the “old village of the Kanzas” on July 2, 1804.

Culture of the Kaw/Kansa People

In the past, each Kansa band was led by a chief who was chosen by a tribal council. Kansa men were hunters and sometimes went to war to protect their families. Kansa women were farmers and did most of the child care and cooking. Only men became Kansa chiefs, but both genders took part in storytelling, artwork and music, and traditional medicine.

The Kansa Indians lived in settled villages of round earthen lodges. These lodges were made from wooden frames covered with packed earth. Kansa houses were very large (more than fifty feet across) and several families shared the same lodge. When Kansa men went on hunting trips, they often used small buffalo-hide tipis (or teepees) as temporary shelter, similar to camping tents. Unlike other Plains Indian tribes, Kansa families did not normally live in teepees.

So-Jum-Wah - 1865

The men wore a blue or red breechcloth with a belt, deerskin leggings, moccasins with no ornamentation, and sometimes a blanket over the upper part of the body. Shells, beads, or metal ornaments were attached to the rim of the ear, sometimes to great profusion, and long slender hair pipes were common. Kaw men shaved their heads, leaving only the scalp lock uncut. Sometimes the edge of the lock was colored with vermilion, or an eagle feather was inserted. On top of the head a roach (headdress) might be worn, made of deer tail, dyed red and parted longitudinally by a silver spreader (James, 1823). 

Quyulange aka Eagle Plume 1877

For my character Charlie Gray Cloud, I used a combination of the photographs of these two men to visualize what he might look like and how he may have been dressed. 

Kaw women wore moccasins, knee-length leggings of blue and red cloth, a skirt and occasionally a cloth thrown over one shoulder. The hair was worn long, parted in the middle, the part colored with vermilion. Like the men, many of the women tattooed the body.

Grandma McCauley

Kansa artists are famous for their native weaving, beadwork, and hide paintings.

One of the best early records of the Kaw people came from the 1832 visit by the artist George Catlin. His paintings of Kaw people preserved images of the dress styles of the time.

The food that the Kansa tribe ate included crops of maize, beans and squash and fish caught in the rivers. In the summer the hunters provided a variety of meat, especially the buffalo.

The religion and beliefs of the Kansa tribe were based on their belief in the Great Spirit and Animism that encompassed the spiritual or religious idea that the universe and all natural objects animals, plants, trees, rivers, rocks, mountains etc. The Kansa religion involved vision quests and many different spirit beings, or wakan, who held different powers.

 

Meach-o-shín-gaw, Little White Bear, a distinguished Kansa brave

Demographers have estimated that, as a consequence of the white man’s diseases (principally smallpox, cholera, and influenza), their population had been reduced perhaps to less than 50 percent, down to about 1,500 men, women and children by 1800. Even so, the Kaws presented a formidable obstacle to American expansion into the trans-Missouri West following its acquisition of this vast region by the Louisiana Purchase of 1803. From their villages and small vegetable farms in northeastern Kansas and later along the Kansas River west of present-day Topeka, Kaw warriors maintained control of the lower Kansas valley against both the white man from the east and alien tribes to the west. Kaw hunters also engaged in semi-annual hunting expeditions onto the plains of western Kansas.

In 1804, the Lewis and Clark expedition (1804 - 1806) shortly after the Louisiana Purchase pulled this territory under the dominion of the United States. Members of this expedition attempted to make contact with the Kansa tribe, but the people were on a buffalo hunt. In September of 1806, A grand council was held between Zebulon Pike and James Wilkinson and various chiefs of the Kansa, Pawnee and Osage Nations.

However, this turned out to be monumental events for the region, for the expedition returned east with favorable reports of the region. This prompted emigration to the region and the establishment of Kansas City, one of the trade centers and jumping-off points for travelers heading further west.

Francis French Killer, Wah-Sis-Tah-Shin-Kah

However, this was not the first contact with Europeans. Prior to that, due to their location at the junction of two major rivers, they came into contact with both the Spanish and later the French.which established trading posts in the region. Contact with Europeans resulted with a devastating smallpox epidemic killed many people in 1801. Between sickness and intertribal warfare, the number of Kansa people declines dramatically.

the early 1800s, the Kaw’s domain extended well beyond the present-day borders of Kansas. From 1780 to 1830 the Kaw lived at Blue Earth Village on the Kansas River, at the site of present-day Manhattan, Kansas. The Kaw probably moved to the Kansas River Valley to be closer to the buffalo herds on the Great Plains. The tribe increasingly depended upon buffalo hunting for its subsistence and less on agriculture. Also, living on the Kansas River gave them access to a rich territory of fur bearing animals to trade to the French for guns and other commodities. Unfortunately, this movement west also made them more vulnerable to attack from powerful enemies such as the Pawnees. Lewis and Clark noted that they were "reduced by war with their neighbors." They estimated the Kaw to number 300 men—about 1,500 persons in all.

In 1825, the Kaw ceded a huge area of land in Missouri and Kansas to the United States in exchange for a promise of an annuity of $3,500 annually for twenty years. The promised annuity—to be paid in goods and services—was often late in arriving or found its way into the pockets of unscrupulous government officials and merchants. The Kaw were indifferent to the pleas of government agents and missionaries that they take up farming as their sole livelihood.

Meanwhile, the Kaw faced smallpox epidemics in 1827–1828 and 1831–1832, which killed about 500. During the same period the tribe split into four different competing groups living in different villages, a consequence of rivalry between three groups of conservatives, who favored retaining traditional ways, and one group under White Plume which favored accommodation with the United States. Important in the latter group were 23 mixed bloods, the sons and daughters of French traders who had taken Kaw wives.

Due to pressures from encroaching white men and decimation by disease and warfare, and a flood that destroyed their crops in 1844, in 1846, the Kaw sold most of their remaining land and the federal government forced them onto a 20 square-mile reservation surrounding Council Grove, Kansas. Council Grove is a beautiful area of forests, water, and tall grass prairie. About 1,000 people, struggling with disease and starvation, lived in three nearby villages. However, Council Grove was probably the worst location that could have been selected for the already weakened and demoralized tribe. It was a favorite stopping place for the rough-mannered teamsters and traders and greedy merchants on the Santa Fe Trail. The first Kaw arriving there were beaten up by traders. The flourishing whiskey trade in Council Grove was detrimental to the Kaw. Whites invaded Indian lands and sporadic efforts by soldiers to force them off the reservation were ineffective. In 1860, the Kaw reservation, overrun by White settlers, was reduced to 80,000 acres.

The Kaw lived on the reservation for less than 30 years when, despite an impassioned plea to Congress by Chief Allegawaho in 1873, the US government relocated 600 kaws to a new reservation in (present-day Oklahoma).

Kizzie’s Kisses is Book 2, the first full-size book in the Grandma’s Wedding Quilts series. You may read the full book decription as well as purchase Kizzie’s Kisses by CLICKING HERE.

Sources:

http://kawnation.com/

http://www.bigorrin.org/kansa_kids.htm

https://www.warpaths2peacepipes.com/indian-tribes/kansa-tribe.htm

http://www.legendsofamerica.com/ks-santafetrailmrco3.html

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaw_people