California Gold Rush and Determining a Place Name

 

More than 500 mining camps existed during the heyday of the California Gold Rush, the vast majority of names have been forgotten. Official dates connected with the rush are January 24, 1848-1855. So many immigrants arrived to seek their fortune in the gold fields that California acquired the needed population count to qualify for statehood. One example is San Francisco. The city went from about 200 residents in 1846 to 36,000 in 1852. Can you imagine the sounds of constant construction as homes and businesses went up?

Mining made a progression from single individuals kneeling at the side of a creek or stream, using a pan to swirl a small amount of water and river bottom to discover flakes.

I love that this photo from 1850 shows a woman

The next phrase was the use of sluice or rocker boxes. Here shovelfuls of creek bottom were put into a box that had wire mesh for the bottom held together by a wooden frame. Several people would shake or rock the box to let the water through and then what remained on the wire would be sifted through by hand.

When the majority of the gold flakes and nuggets were gone from the streams, companies bought claims and established operations at the side of a river. Or they dug into the mountains, following a vein or gold to be extracted. Or high-powered hydraulics were use to break up the rocks to locate gold within.

As a historical writer, I like making my stories as true to life as possible. When I start a new story, I debate the issue of using a real place or inventing a fictional location. The freedom of using a real place is that if the story is set in the 19th century—as all mine are—the likelihood that someone will argue about the layout of the town is very small. If I had a habit of incorporating real life figures into my stories, I might be faced with offended descendants. When I have referred to people who lived, I do so in a positive light and as a way to pay homage to the contributions those people made.

My just-released novella, Tilda, is a wagon train story. I knew I wanted both of the protagonists to come to terms with not reaching their hoped-for destinations—Flynn’s was Sutter’s Mill and Tilda’s was Sacramento. In my mind, the fact they alter their goals in the end not only shows personal growth but demonstrates they are more committed to each other.

As a native Californian, I’m familiar with the Sierra Nevada Gold Country (my honeymoon night was spent in a hotel there). What I wanted was a lesser-known name of a town that was in the right region. When the name of a contemporary town is used, readers who might have visited it picture the locale like it is now. I own a book on ghost towns of Colorado and another for Texas ghost towns, which have proved useful in establishing locales for past stories. But I was able to run through a list of towns I’d heard of and picked a name the settlement was known by before official incorporation.  Therefore, the Illinoistown in my story is present-day Colfax, California.

BLURB for Tilda, book 31 in Prairie Roses Collection:

Following her parents’ death, Tilda Torsdotter turns to her cousin, Rakel, for help and joins her family’s preparations to head to California. Tilda’s job will be to assist pregnant Rakel with her two children under age five and receive the protection of Rakel’s husband, Albert. Then Rakel sickens and dies, and Albert looks to Tilda to fulfill her cousin’s duties--all of them.

Flynn Mannix has his eye set on reaching the gold fields of California. An easy-going guy, he’s always made his way doing one task or another but now he wants to make something of himself. Hiring on as a driver on a wagon train seems like the easiest way to reach the west coast. Until he witnesses an inappropriate encounter and steps in. Suddenly, he’s committed to a marriage of convenience with Tilda and responsible for her safety until they reach California. At the end of the trail, will the couple go their separate ways, or will they realize the experience has made their marriage real?

Buy link

Connect with me

Amazon Author page

BookBub page

Facebook

Newsletter signup

The Little-Known California Gold Rush

Sweet Americana Sweethearts welcomes guest author Gail L. Jenner. Enjoy her post about the "other" California gold rush in northern California and southern Oregon. She is featuring her newest novel, July's Bride.

The Little-Known California Gold Rush  

By Gail L. Jenner

Most school children know that the great Gold Rush of 1848-49 is what caused California to boom. But most people outside of the northern region of California and southern Oregon don’t know that the “northern mines” were just as significant in the great rush for gold! Thousands descended on the region and while most left broken-hearted and with empty pockets, some stayed and settled; today this region incorporates most of Shasta, Trinity, Humboldt, and Siskiyou Counties in northern California, and Jackson and Jefferson Counties in southern Oregon. The area is characterized by rugged mountains, rivers, and isolated valleys.

The northern gold rush covered a region that crossed into southern Oregon, and the area was far more rugged and isolated than the Sierra Nevada “Mother Lode” country. Many disenchanted miners left the Mother Lode to travel north, which required men walking or packing in through mountainous terrain. These areas remained isolated for many years even after the first settlers moved in to populate the small communities that grew up along the wild rivers, such as the Sacramento, Salmon, Klamath, Smith, Rogue, and others. Today the area is still the least populated section of California.

Shasta County was one of the northern counties to grow into a destination for the early argonauts after gold was discovered along Clear Creek in 1848 by Pierson B. Reading. It has been suggested, however, that gold was found in Shasta County even earlier than 1848 by several Oregon miners who passed through the area on the way south. But then, as the rush drew Americans west, the miners arrived in droves and, by 1853, a local newspaper reported that there wasn’t a river, gulch, creek or ravine in northern California that had been left untouched by the miners.

“Captain” Reading had actually been given a land grant by the Mexican government in 1843, and, interestingly, rather than driving the local Indian tribes out—as was typically done—Reading befriended them. But that would not be the end of conflict in the region, only the beginning of the tragic conflict that raged between the miners and the many tribes and bands residing there. On the other hand, many miners married Native American women and settled to build homes and start families.                                           

As in most California locations, miners panned along the many creeks and rivers when they could, but they quickly added shovels and picks, rockers and/or long toms. Then, as surface gold deposits waned, and gold grew harder to find, they turned to other, harsher techniques, including hydraulic mining. Gold, in fact, became the most significant industry in Shasta County, as well as across northern California and southern Oregon, for fifty or more years. In 1897, copper mining was added to Shasta County’s profitable mining operations. 

Throughout the region, there were hundreds of smaller mines that went unnamed, but many bore interesting or unusual names. Typically mines were named for individuals or groups, or reflected the miners’ dream of a rich find; there were any number of Paradise Mines throughout the region. Others mines were named in honor of hometowns left behind, as in the Boston Mine or New York Mine. Names like Dead Horse or Dog Creek or Jump Off Joe were given to locations where some tragedy had occurred. Many of these names are still part of the local vernacular.

In Shasta County, in 1852, an article in the local paper announced that gold had been discovered along Backbone Creek, located in the northeast corner of today’s Shasta Lake. This location would eventually be known as Kennett, which became an incredibly important copper mine. The first miners named it Backbone because of the nearby rugged mountain the locals called Backbone. Both gold and silver were mined here, and The Uncle Sam Mine, largest producer in this district, yielded more than a million dollars in gold.

Buckeye, located north of Redding, was discovered by Mr. – Johnson, in the 1850s. As reported by one early source, the quartz lead between Buckeye and Churntown was “the richest of any as yet known in California,” although the yield proved not as great as once hoped! Interestingly, Buckeye was a popular name, with at least fifteen other “Buckeye” mines located in California.

French Gulch was an important mining district. Located on Clear Creek, northwest of Whiskeytown (a great name!), it was discovered by a party of French miners in 1849 and boasted two water-driven quartz mills by 1851, according to the 1859 State Register. A post office was established in 1856 and the budding community became a major supply stop for local miners. Also, according to a report dated August in 1856, a lump of gold weighing two pounds was found there. By 1869, there were two mills with thirty-two stamps, and in 1902, there were nine stamp mills. A stamp mill is a specialized machine that stamps ore into a powder for further processing.

The mines at French Gulch operated until the mid-twentieth century, with production from both placers and underground mining estimated at 800,000 to 1.5 million ounces.  The French Gulch Mining District covered an area at least 9 miles long and 1.5 miles wide. Among the most productive mines located there were the Brown Bear, the Gladstone, the Mad Mule, the Milkmaid and Franklin, the Niagara, and the Washington.

The Washington Mine was discovered in 1851; from 1852 through 1950 it yielded about 185,000 ounces of gold. Even in the mid 1990s, private companies mined around 19,000 ounces of gold. Total gold production from the Washington Mines has been estimated at 300,000 ounces. Reportedly, the district has been the largest gold-producing area in the northern region, and contains some of the highest vein gold grades. Other high-yielding mines in the French Gulch District included the Brown Bear and the Gladstone. Several drift and hydraulic mines in Shasta County, including the Hardscrabble and Russell mines, produced well from the 1860s through the 1880s.

There were, of course, a number of Chinese placer mines taken up during this time. Though prejudices ran deep, there were a number of well-established and successful mines run by Chinese companies, too. Other ethnic groups also moved into the region, including many men from South America and Mexico.

Even in later years, from the 1930s through 1959, the use of power shovels and dragline dredges yielded an additional output of at least 115,000 ounces of gold. Today gold mining is more recreational in nature in this region, but a few miners continue to mine more seriously. Curiously, it’s been said that there remains more gold under the ground than has been dug up! Without a doubt, however, mining is what launched California as a destination to the westward-moving pioneers and settlers.

Gail L. Jenner resides in Scott Valley, in Siskiyou County; she is the wife a fourth generation cattle rancher and they live on the family’s historic homestead. She writes about the region and local history; five of her nonfiction titles focus on that history. She is also an award-winning historical fiction author, whose first novel, ACROSS THE SWEET GRASS HILLS (re-released in 2013 by Prairie Rose Publications), won a WILLA Literary Award from Women Writing the West. Her second historical novel, BLACK BART: THE POET BANDIT placed in the Jack London Novel Contest. Her newest release is the western romance, JULY’S BRIDE, from Prairie Rose Publications. For more, visit: www.gailjenner.com or visit her on Facebook at Gail Jenner Author.